Step 3. Developing a conceptual model.

Having defined the root definition and understood what a successful project would look like, it is important to develop a model or account of the activities the ideal system must DO in order to fulfil the goal. This model (known as the conceptual model) is constructed by listing the minimum number of things that must work in order to achieve the goal. The different activities should be ordered in a logical model and show how they depend on each other and work as a system. We have to think like lazy people at this stage in the process and look for the minimum amount of things that must work in order for the system to be successful. It is an attempt to focus on the crucial components of the system. From the conceptual model it is possible to undertake a gap analysis comparing the real world to the model in order to identify what needs to be done.

At this stage it is important to acknowledge that there may be a number of conceptual models to achieve the root definition, and the key to success is to ensure that ultimately there is consensus, and a common understanding and buy in to a single root definition and conceptual model before moving on to the more technical aspects of the project planning. The alternative options should be considered in relation to the following criteria:

• Total cost
• Benefits to target groups
• Social risks

In assessing the viability of the alternative options we need to consider the following criteria:

• Technical: Appropriateness, use of local resources, market suitability etc.
• Financial: Costs, financial sustainability.
• Economic: Rate of return, cost effectiveness.
• Institutional: Capacity, capability, technical assistance inputs.
• Social: Distribution of costs and benefits, gender issues, socio-cultural constraints, local involvement and motivation.
• Environmental: Environmental effects, environmental costs vs. benefits.